When Opposites Repel

Contronyms

Recently, we brought you an outrageous example of those Brexit colonialists claiming North Americans misuse ‘nonplussed’ to mean ‘unperturbed’ rather than ‘confused surprise’. Hmmph.

Thus nonplussed, I brought in the legendary James Lincoln Warren to sort out the word ‘belie’ in the same article. Today, we hope to render you further nonplussed with a list of forty dastardly contronyms, words with opposite meanings. Let’s have at it.

The ⇆ Glossary

belie

The subject gives lie to the object; the object gives lie to the subject.

bill

Having money (currency); owing money or seeking money owed.

bolt

To flee; to hold together.

bound

Head toward a destination, restrained from heading anywhere.

buckle

To fasten or join together; to collapse under pressure.

citation

Praising an act; issuing summons for an illegal act.

cleave

To adhere together; to split apart.

clip

To fasten together with a paperclip; to detach with shears.

consult

To seek advice; to give advice.

custom

A common practice; a unique bespoke item.

dust

To apply a fine power; to remove fine powder.

either

One or the other; both (original meaning; i.e, surrounded on either side).

enjoin

To order someone to act; to prohibit someone from acting.

fast

Firmly fixed, unmovable; unattached and able to move quickly.

finished

Completed; wrecked, destroyed.

founder

Creation (company, city); destruction (sink, go lame, fail).

garnish

To add or enhance (foods); to seize or withhold (wages).

handicap

An advantage to equalize (golf); disadvantage rendering equality difficult.

lease

To rent property; to offer property for rent.

leave

To remove oneself from a location; to be left behind in a location.

left

Departed; remained behind.

literally

Precisely and concretely; figuratively (through misuse).

model

Original upon which others are based; a copy.

off

Not operating (i.e, lights went off); operating (alarm went off).

original

A fresh idea; an old notion.

out

Visible (stars are out); invisible (lights are out).

Overseeing Lookout Mountain
© courtesy Town of
Lookout Mountain, Tennessee

overlook

See to; fail to see.

refrain

To repeat an action; to not perform an action at all.

peruse

To skim; to read carefully (original meaning).

ravel

To separate; to become entangled.

rent

To lease; to offer property for lease.

sanction

To approve an act; to punish an act.

screen

To hide, obscure; to show (a film).

seed

To add seed (to a lawn); to remove seed (from a melon).

strike

To hit; to not hit (a baseball).

transparent

Invisible; obvious.

trim

To add (decorations). to remove (hair).

variety

A particular type; many types.

wear

To endure; to deteriorate.

weather

To withstand or endure; to be worn away.

Note: I have not included word combinations and phrases such as ‘back up’, ‘hold up’, ‘go off’, ‘out of’, ‘throw out’, and ‘wound up’ that can imply their own opposites.

Confused? My job’s complete. Can you think of others?

Plussed (or Non)

Belie – An Ambidextrous Word

Last week I found myself using ‘belie’ in a story. A check for nuances compelled to look it up. Alice tumbled into the rabbit hole.

In the following, let’s use common English sentence structure:
    subject verb object

A sentence might read,
    A belies B.
    Her eyes belied her motives.

I had assumed belie implied (A) put the lie to (B), the subject is true and the object is false. Surely the verb exhibited a grammatical positive and negative polarity.

Not that simple, said my New Oxford American Dictionary. It offered examples both ways. In other words, sometimes (A) was true and sometimes it wasn’t. Polarity wasn’t constant.

Example 1   A ⇉ B		Example 2   B ⇉ A
Her cruelty belies her kind words.		His smile belies his viciousness.
B is false (the object).		A is false (the subject).

Logic (to me) says the subject (A) gives lie to or proves false (B). My beloved 3-volume OED long ago became landfill, so I turned to half a dozen internet dictionaries. A search turned up similar conflicting results. They all agreed about disagreement: Sometimes the subject made a liar of the object and sometimes the object made a liar of the subject.

At that point, I needed to deploy the big guns.

The legendary
James Lincoln Warren

James Lincoln Warren.

James’ house, a full-scale reproduction of the HMS Hotspur, contains a brass spyglass and a sixteenth century oak podium with the complete Oxford English Dictionary. At least that’s how I imagine it because I’m envious.

James kindly looked up belie for me and lo, it was as lesser dictionaries indicated. Belie cuts both ways. It doesn’t observe polarity. Sometimes the subject is true, sometimes the object.

James said no context beyond the contrast between the subject and object is necessary for them to be easily understood. Which is capable of deception?

Such amorphism disturbs me a bit. Offhand, I can’t think of another word in which, say, the subject sometimes trumps the object and other times the opposite can happen.

Nonplussed – or Not

Once upon a time in the New Oxford American Dictionary, I stumbled upon the following note:

In standard use, ‘nonplussed’ means ‘surprised and confused’: The hostility of the new neighbor's refusal left Mrs. Walker nonplussed.

In North American English, a new use has developed in recent years, meaning ‘unperturbed’— more or less the opposite of its traditional meaning: Hoping to disguise his confusion, he tried to appear nonplussed.

This new use probably arose on the assumption that non- is the normal negative prefix and must therefore have a negative meaning. Although commonly encountered, this modern use of nonplussed is not considered part of standard English, and is better replaced by unperturbed, unruffled, unfazed, or composed.

Never, ever had I heard the second ‘American’ meaning. I conducted a local poll of four dozen or so people. Out of nearly fifty responses, only one thought the second might be valid, but self-admittedly from a verbal standpoint, the word nonplussed was ‘not in his wheelhouse’.

I would have argued the point with Oxford, but I wondered if they had fallen victim to what I think of as the Wikipedia Effect or the Google Effect. If you watch Wikipedia, sometimes public content and wording depends on the loudest, most intimidating bully in the room. Higher level editors can often work these issues out, but when the bully is a higher level editor, the point becomes moot– or deleted along with embarrassing history.

If you haven’t experienced the Google Effect, imagine your long-time neighborhood suddenly called a name you never heard of. You enquire: whence did this come into existence? A van driver might hold the key.

Google Street View Mapping Vehicle

The Google Effect refers to Google mapping. You may have seen their vehicles driving the streets. Early versions featured cameras on roof-mounted tripods like Disney World used for its old Circle-Vision theatre in TomorrowLand. The latest cars recently spotted in Winter Park are driven by Daleks.

It turns out Google occasionally didn’t know how to name an area. If they couldn’t find a listing, worker bees exercised various options. Sometimes they asked a random resident, “What do you call this place?” Reportedly one label emerged from an erroneous realtor’s sign. It appears the new name for my old neighborhood came from an obscure street a few feet long called Fairview Shores.

In my selective sampling, all of my victims understood the standard meaning of ‘nonplussed’, except for the unsure guy who didn’t use the word at all. I’d like to ask Oxford how they came up with such a notice? What region in this vast country stands accused of this heresy? ^†

An image sticks in my head, one of Oxford University sending a bored post-grad student to New York to document language abominations. He spends his research time in bars and picking up dates on West End Avenue.

Then on 42nd street, he invites for a romantic rendezvous a certain lady, called ‘Bam-Bam’ by her friends and another name entirely by the NYPD. When she sharply turns him down, he says, “You don’t have to act so negative.”

“I’m not negative, I’m non-plussed,” she replies, whereupon he pulls out his 80p Marks & Spencer notebook and starts jotting a new entry.

That’s how it happened. I’m sure of it.

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^† Curious note: During the impeachment hearings, Fox or one of the righter outlets flashed a headline: Dems Seek Heresy Evidence. I’m nonplussed.